{ "name": "Operant Conditioning Library", "description": "Full text of public-domain books behind the science of operant conditioning, published by operantconditioning.com in HTML, Markdown, per-chapter Markdown and plain text.", "url": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/", "publisher": { "name": "Operant Conditioning Inc.", "url": "https://operantconditioning.com/about/", "email": "hello@operantconditioning.com" }, "generated": "2026-09-12", "version": "2026-09-12", "license": { "texts": "Public domain. Every book was published before 1931 and is public domain in the United States; see each book's public_domain field for status in life-plus-70 countries.", "manifest": "CC0 1.0 (https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/)" }, "formats": { "html": " — readable page with the whole text, chapter navigation and schema.org/Book data", "markdown": "index.md — whole book, metadata header, table of contents, ## chapter headings, [^n] footnotes after each chapter", "chapters": "chapters/NN-slug.md — one file per chapter with a header giving book, position, previous and next", "text": "book.txt — plain text, footnotes marked [n]", "images": "images/ — figures referenced from the Markdown as images/; images_base in each record is the prefix" }, "conventions": { "chapter_heading": "##", "section_headings": [ "###", "####" ], "footnotes": "[^n], numbered continuously through the book", "figures": "![caption](images/file)", "tables": "Markdown pipe tables, or fenced text blocks where layout could not be preserved", "token_estimate": "about 1.3 tokens per word" }, "site_index": { "llms_txt": "https://operantconditioning.com/llms.txt", "library_llms_txt": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/llms.txt" }, "count": 9, "total_words": 1288625, "books": [ { "id": "thorndike-animal-intelligence", "title": "Animal Intelligence: Experimental Studies", "short_title": "Animal Intelligence", "author": { "name": "Edward L. Thorndike", "sort_name": "Thorndike, Edward L.", "born": 1874, "died": 1949 }, "year": 1911, "first_published": 1898, "edition": "New York: The Macmillan Company, 1911. Chapter II reprints the 1898 monograph Animal Intelligence: An Experimental Study of the Associative Processes in Animals (Psychological Review Monograph Supplement 2, no. 4).", "language": "en", "summary": "The puzzle-box experiments and the law of effect: the direct ancestor of operant conditioning.", "why_it_matters": "This is the book operant conditioning descends from. Chapter II is Thorndike's 1898 monograph: cats, dogs and chicks learning to escape from puzzle boxes, timed trial by trial and plotted as the first learning curves in psychology. Chapter VI, written for this 1911 collection, states the law of effect and the law of exercise in their mature form. Skinner named the operant in 1937, but the finding that consequences select behavior is here, with the data.", "topics": [ "law of effect", "trial-and-error learning", "puzzle box", "learning curves", "comparative psychology" ], "key_sections": [ { "n": 3, "label": "Chapter II. Animal Intelligence; an Experimental Study of the Associative Processes in Animals", "note": "The 1898 monograph: apparatus, the time-curves, and the argument against the anecdote school", "url": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/thorndike-animal-intelligence/chapters/03-animal-intelligence-an-experimental-study-of-the.md" }, { "n": 7, "label": "Chapter VI. Laws and Hypotheses for Behavior", "note": "The law of effect and the law of exercise stated as laws of behavior", "url": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/thorndike-animal-intelligence/chapters/07-laws-and-hypotheses-for-behavior.md" } ], "public_domain": { "united_states": true, "united_states_basis": "published before 1931", "life_plus_70_countries": true, "note": "Thorndike died in 1949, so the book has been in the public domain worldwide since 2020." }, "source": { "project_gutenberg_id": 69904, "url": "https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/69904", "processing": "Project Gutenberg boilerplate, table of contents and index removed; footnotes kept with each section; text otherwise unaltered." }, "stats": { "words": 86616, "sections": 8, "footnotes": 46, "images": 29 }, "urls": { "html": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/thorndike-animal-intelligence/", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/thorndike-animal-intelligence/index.md", "text": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/thorndike-animal-intelligence/book.txt", "chapters_index": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/thorndike-animal-intelligence/chapters/index.md", "images_base": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/thorndike-animal-intelligence/images/" }, "related_pages": [ "https://operantconditioning.com/history/", "https://operantconditioning.com/reinforcement/", "https://operantconditioning.com/shaping/" ], "sections": [ { "n": 1, "label": "Preface", "number": "", "title": "Preface", "words": 296, "footnotes": 1, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/thorndike-animal-intelligence/#preface", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/thorndike-animal-intelligence/chapters/01-preface.md" }, { "n": 2, "label": "Chapter I. The Study of Consciousness and the Study of Behavior", "number": "Chapter I", "title": "The Study of Consciousness and the Study of Behavior", "words": 5788, "footnotes": 2, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/thorndike-animal-intelligence/#chapter-i-the-study-of-consciousness-and-the-study-of-behavior", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/thorndike-animal-intelligence/chapters/02-the-study-of-consciousness-and-the-study-of-behavior.md" }, { "n": 3, "label": "Chapter II. Animal Intelligence; an Experimental Study of the Associative Processes in Animals", "number": "Chapter II", "title": "Animal Intelligence; an Experimental Study of the Associative Processes in Animals", "words": 38513, "footnotes": 14, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/thorndike-animal-intelligence/#chapter-ii-animal-intelligence-an-experimental-study-of-the-associative-processes-in-animals", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/thorndike-animal-intelligence/chapters/03-animal-intelligence-an-experimental-study-of-the.md" }, { "n": 4, "label": "Chapter III. The Instinctive Reactions of Young Chicks", "number": "Chapter III", "title": "The Instinctive Reactions of Young Chicks", "words": 3823, "footnotes": 3, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/thorndike-animal-intelligence/#chapter-iii-the-instinctive-reactions-of-young-chicks", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/thorndike-animal-intelligence/chapters/04-the-instinctive-reactions-of-young-chicks.md" }, { "n": 5, "label": "Chapter IV. A Note on the Psychology of Fishes", "number": "Chapter IV", "title": "A Note on the Psychology of Fishes", "words": 796, "footnotes": 1, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/thorndike-animal-intelligence/#chapter-iv-a-note-on-the-psychology-of-fishes", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/thorndike-animal-intelligence/chapters/05-a-note-on-the-psychology-of-fishes.md" }, { "n": 6, "label": "Chapter V. The Mental Life of the Monkeys; an Experimental Study", "number": "Chapter V", "title": "The Mental Life of the Monkeys; an Experimental Study", "words": 20450, "footnotes": 19, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/thorndike-animal-intelligence/#chapter-v-the-mental-life-of-the-monkeys-an-experimental-study", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/thorndike-animal-intelligence/chapters/06-the-mental-life-of-the-monkeys-an-experimental-study.md" }, { "n": 7, "label": "Chapter VI. Laws and Hypotheses for Behavior", "number": "Chapter VI", "title": "Laws and Hypotheses for Behavior", "words": 12559, "footnotes": 5, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/thorndike-animal-intelligence/#chapter-vi-laws-and-hypotheses-for-behavior", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/thorndike-animal-intelligence/chapters/07-laws-and-hypotheses-for-behavior.md" }, { "n": 8, "label": "Chapter VII. The Evolution of the Human Intellect", "number": "Chapter VII", "title": "The Evolution of the Human Intellect", "words": 4391, "footnotes": 1, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/thorndike-animal-intelligence/#chapter-vii-the-evolution-of-the-human-intellect", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/thorndike-animal-intelligence/chapters/08-the-evolution-of-the-human-intellect.md" } ] }, { "id": "morgan-animal-behaviour", "title": "Animal Behaviour", "short_title": "Animal Behaviour", "author": { "name": "C. Lloyd Morgan", "sort_name": "Morgan, C. Lloyd", "born": 1852, "died": 1936 }, "year": 1900, "first_published": 1900, "edition": "London: Edward Arnold. First published 1900; this text follows the second edition (third impression, 1920).", "language": "en", "summary": "Morgan's account of learning by trial and error, instinct, and the limits of what animal behavior lets us infer.", "why_it_matters": "Morgan is the bridge between Romanes's anecdotes and Thorndike's experiments. Chapter IV, \"Intelligent Behaviour,\" gives his classic description of learning by trial and error: chicks pecking at distasteful caterpillars, his dog Tony learning to lift a gate latch, and the argument that such learning needs no insight. The same chapter applies the rule now called Morgan's canon, first stated in his 1894 Introduction to Comparative Psychology: never explain behavior by a higher mental faculty when a lower one will do.", "topics": [ "trial and error", "instinct", "Morgan's canon", "comparative psychology" ], "key_sections": [ { "n": 5, "label": "Chapter IV. Intelligent Behaviour", "note": "Intelligent behaviour: trial and error, and what experiment shows", "url": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/morgan-animal-behaviour/chapters/05-intelligent-behaviour.md" }, { "n": 4, "label": "Chapter III. Instinctive Behaviour", "note": "Instinctive behaviour, and how experience modifies it", "url": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/morgan-animal-behaviour/chapters/04-instinctive-behaviour.md" } ], "public_domain": { "united_states": true, "united_states_basis": "published before 1931", "life_plus_70_countries": true, "note": "Morgan died in 1936, so the book has been in the public domain worldwide since 2007." }, "source": { "project_gutenberg_id": 54462, "url": "https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/54462", "processing": "Project Gutenberg boilerplate, table of contents and index removed; footnotes kept with each section; text otherwise unaltered." }, "stats": { "words": 115874, "sections": 8, "footnotes": 204, "images": 26 }, "urls": { "html": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/morgan-animal-behaviour/", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/morgan-animal-behaviour/index.md", "text": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/morgan-animal-behaviour/book.txt", "chapters_index": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/morgan-animal-behaviour/chapters/index.md", "images_base": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/morgan-animal-behaviour/images/" }, "related_pages": [ "https://operantconditioning.com/history/", "https://operantconditioning.com/shaping/", "https://operantconditioning.com/stimulus-control/" ], "sections": [ { "n": 1, "label": "Preface to the First Edition", "number": "", "title": "Preface to the First Edition", "words": 112, "footnotes": 0, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/morgan-animal-behaviour/#preface-to-the-first-edition", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/morgan-animal-behaviour/chapters/01-preface-to-the-first-edition.md" }, { "n": 2, "label": "Chapter I. Organic Behaviour", "number": "Chapter I", "title": "Organic Behaviour", "words": 13032, "footnotes": 16, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/morgan-animal-behaviour/#chapter-i-organic-behaviour", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/morgan-animal-behaviour/chapters/02-organic-behaviour.md" }, { "n": 3, "label": "Chapter II. Consciousness", "number": "Chapter II", "title": "Consciousness", "words": 7434, "footnotes": 4, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/morgan-animal-behaviour/#chapter-ii-consciousness", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/morgan-animal-behaviour/chapters/03-consciousness.md" }, { "n": 4, "label": "Chapter III. Instinctive Behaviour", "number": "Chapter III", "title": "Instinctive Behaviour", "words": 18228, "footnotes": 28, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/morgan-animal-behaviour/#chapter-iii-instinctive-behaviour", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/morgan-animal-behaviour/chapters/04-instinctive-behaviour.md" }, { "n": 5, "label": "Chapter IV. Intelligent Behaviour", "number": "Chapter IV", "title": "Intelligent Behaviour", "words": 20964, "footnotes": 25, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/morgan-animal-behaviour/#chapter-iv-intelligent-behaviour", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/morgan-animal-behaviour/chapters/05-intelligent-behaviour.md" }, { "n": 6, "label": "Chapter V. Social Behaviour", "number": "Chapter V", "title": "Social Behaviour", "words": 19691, "footnotes": 43, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/morgan-animal-behaviour/#chapter-v-social-behaviour", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/morgan-animal-behaviour/chapters/06-social-behaviour.md" }, { "n": 7, "label": "Chapter VI. The Feelings and Emotions", "number": "Chapter VI", "title": "The Feelings and Emotions", "words": 21177, "footnotes": 70, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/morgan-animal-behaviour/#chapter-vi-the-feelings-and-emotions", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/morgan-animal-behaviour/chapters/07-the-feelings-and-emotions.md" }, { "n": 8, "label": "Chapter VII. The Evolution of Animal Behaviour", "number": "Chapter VII", "title": "The Evolution of Animal Behaviour", "words": 15236, "footnotes": 18, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/morgan-animal-behaviour/#chapter-vii-the-evolution-of-animal-behaviour", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/morgan-animal-behaviour/chapters/08-the-evolution-of-animal-behaviour.md" } ] }, { "id": "james-principles-of-psychology-vol-1", "title": "The Principles of Psychology, Volume 1", "short_title": "The Principles of Psychology, Vol. 1", "author": { "name": "William James", "sort_name": "James, William", "born": 1842, "died": 1910 }, "year": 1890, "first_published": 1890, "edition": "New York: Henry Holt and Company. First published 1890; this text follows the 1918 printing.", "language": "en", "summary": "Volume 1 of James's masterwork, including the chapter on Habit that every account of behavior change still quotes.", "why_it_matters": "Thorndike was James's student, and the experiments in Animal Intelligence began in James's basement. Chapter IV, \"Habit,\" is the reason this volume is here: it treats habit as a physical fact of the nervous system, describes how it forms and why it persists, and closes with the practical maxims (launch with a strong initiative, never suffer an exception, seize the first opportunity to act) that later habit-formation research keeps rediscovering. Chapter XI, on attention, and Chapter XIV, on association, fill in the psychology Thorndike took for granted.", "topics": [ "habit", "attention", "association", "stream of thought" ], "key_sections": [ { "n": 5, "label": "Chapter IV. Habit", "note": "Habit: the plasticity of the nervous system, and the practical maxims", "url": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/james-principles-of-psychology-vol-1/chapters/05-habit.md" }, { "n": 12, "label": "Chapter XI. Attention", "note": "Attention", "url": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/james-principles-of-psychology-vol-1/chapters/12-attention.md" }, { "n": 15, "label": "Chapter XIV. Association", "note": "Association", "url": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/james-principles-of-psychology-vol-1/chapters/15-association.md" } ], "public_domain": { "united_states": true, "united_states_basis": "published before 1931", "life_plus_70_countries": true, "note": "James died in 1910, so the book has been in the public domain worldwide since 1981." }, "source": { "project_gutenberg_id": 57628, "url": "https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/57628", "processing": "Project Gutenberg boilerplate, table of contents and index removed; footnotes kept with each section; text otherwise unaltered." }, "stats": { "words": 237258, "sections": 17, "footnotes": 619, "images": 47 }, "urls": { "html": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/james-principles-of-psychology-vol-1/", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/james-principles-of-psychology-vol-1/index.md", "text": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/james-principles-of-psychology-vol-1/book.txt", "chapters_index": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/james-principles-of-psychology-vol-1/chapters/index.md", "images_base": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/james-principles-of-psychology-vol-1/images/" }, "related_pages": [ "https://operantconditioning.com/habits/", "https://operantconditioning.com/history/" ], "sections": [ { "n": 1, "label": "Preface", "number": "", "title": "Preface", "words": 980, "footnotes": 0, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/james-principles-of-psychology-vol-1/#preface", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/james-principles-of-psychology-vol-1/chapters/01-preface.md" }, { "n": 2, "label": "Chapter I. The Scope of Psychology", "number": "Chapter I", "title": "The Scope of Psychology", "words": 3841, "footnotes": 3, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/james-principles-of-psychology-vol-1/#chapter-i-the-scope-of-psychology", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/james-principles-of-psychology-vol-1/chapters/02-the-scope-of-psychology.md" }, { "n": 3, "label": "Chapter II. The Functions of the Brain", "number": "Chapter II", "title": "The Functions of the Brain", "words": 21444, "footnotes": 95, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/james-principles-of-psychology-vol-1/#chapter-ii-the-functions-of-the-brain", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/james-principles-of-psychology-vol-1/chapters/03-the-functions-of-the-brain.md" }, { "n": 4, "label": "Chapter III. On Some General Conditions of Brain-Activity", "number": "Chapter III", "title": "On Some General Conditions of Brain-Activity", "words": 6865, "footnotes": 37, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/james-principles-of-psychology-vol-1/#chapter-iii-on-some-general-conditions-of-brain-activity", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/james-principles-of-psychology-vol-1/chapters/04-on-some-general-conditions-of-brain-activity.md" }, { "n": 5, "label": "Chapter IV. Habit", "number": "Chapter IV", "title": "Habit", "words": 9794, "footnotes": 19, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/james-principles-of-psychology-vol-1/#chapter-iv-habit", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/james-principles-of-psychology-vol-1/chapters/05-habit.md" }, { "n": 6, "label": "Chapter V. The Automaton-Theory", "number": "Chapter V", "title": "The Automaton-Theory", "words": 6543, "footnotes": 6, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/james-principles-of-psychology-vol-1/#chapter-v-the-automaton-theory", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/james-principles-of-psychology-vol-1/chapters/06-the-automaton-theory.md" }, { "n": 7, "label": "Chapter VI. The Mind-Stuff Theory", "number": "Chapter VI", "title": "The Mind-Stuff Theory", "words": 12643, "footnotes": 27, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/james-principles-of-psychology-vol-1/#chapter-vi-the-mind-stuff-theory", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/james-principles-of-psychology-vol-1/chapters/07-the-mind-stuff-theory.md" }, { "n": 8, "label": "Chapter VII. The Methods and Snares of Psychology", "number": "Chapter VII", "title": "The Methods and Snares of Psychology", "words": 5377, "footnotes": 11, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/james-principles-of-psychology-vol-1/#chapter-vii-the-methods-and-snares-of-psychology", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/james-principles-of-psychology-vol-1/chapters/08-the-methods-and-snares-of-psychology.md" }, { "n": 9, "label": "Chapter VIII. The Relations of Minds to Other Things", "number": "Chapter VIII", "title": "The Relations of Minds to Other Things", "words": 9012, "footnotes": 17, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/james-principles-of-psychology-vol-1/#chapter-viii-the-relations-of-minds-to-other-things", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/james-principles-of-psychology-vol-1/chapters/09-the-relations-of-minds-to-other-things.md" }, { "n": 10, "label": "Chapter IX. The Stream of Thought", "number": "Chapter IX", "title": "The Stream of Thought", "words": 23051, "footnotes": 42, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/james-principles-of-psychology-vol-1/#chapter-ix-the-stream-of-thought", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/james-principles-of-psychology-vol-1/chapters/10-the-stream-of-thought.md" }, { "n": 11, "label": "Chapter X. The Consciousness of Self", "number": "Chapter X", "title": "The Consciousness of Self", "words": 40411, "footnotes": 65, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/james-principles-of-psychology-vol-1/#chapter-x-the-consciousness-of-self", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/james-principles-of-psychology-vol-1/chapters/11-the-consciousness-of-self.md" }, { "n": 12, "label": "Chapter XI. Attention", "number": "Chapter XI", "title": "Attention", "words": 19579, "footnotes": 65, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/james-principles-of-psychology-vol-1/#chapter-xi-attention", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/james-principles-of-psychology-vol-1/chapters/12-attention.md" }, { "n": 13, "label": "Chapter XII. Conception", "number": "Chapter XII", "title": "Conception", "words": 7942, "footnotes": 20, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/james-principles-of-psychology-vol-1/#chapter-xii-conception", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/james-principles-of-psychology-vol-1/chapters/13-conception.md" }, { "n": 14, "label": "Chapter XIII. Discrimination and Comparison", "number": "Chapter XIII", "title": "Discrimination and Comparison", "words": 24202, "footnotes": 57, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/james-principles-of-psychology-vol-1/#chapter-xiii-discrimination-and-comparison", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/james-principles-of-psychology-vol-1/chapters/14-discrimination-and-comparison.md" }, { "n": 15, "label": "Chapter XIV. Association", "number": "Chapter XIV", "title": "Association", "words": 19561, "footnotes": 49, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/james-principles-of-psychology-vol-1/#chapter-xiv-association", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/james-principles-of-psychology-vol-1/chapters/15-association.md" }, { "n": 16, "label": "Chapter XV. The Perception of Time", "number": "Chapter XV", "title": "The Perception of Time", "words": 9763, "footnotes": 55, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/james-principles-of-psychology-vol-1/#chapter-xv-the-perception-of-time", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/james-principles-of-psychology-vol-1/chapters/16-the-perception-of-time.md" }, { "n": 17, "label": "Chapter XVI. Memory", "number": "Chapter XVI", "title": "Memory", "words": 16250, "footnotes": 51, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/james-principles-of-psychology-vol-1/#chapter-xvi-memory", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/james-principles-of-psychology-vol-1/chapters/17-memory.md" } ] }, { "id": "james-principles-of-psychology-vol-2", "title": "The Principles of Psychology, Volume 2", "short_title": "The Principles of Psychology, Vol. 2", "author": { "name": "William James", "sort_name": "James, William", "born": 1842, "died": 1910 }, "year": 1890, "first_published": 1890, "edition": "New York: Henry Holt and Company. First published 1890; this text follows the 1918 printing.", "language": "en", "summary": "Volume 2: instinct, the emotions, and the will, including the ideo-motor theory of action.", "why_it_matters": "Three chapters matter for the science of behavior. Chapter XXIV, \"Instinct,\" argues that instincts are not blind and are modified by experience, the position Morgan and Thorndike inherited. Chapter XXV states the James–Lange theory of emotion. Chapter XXVI, \"Will,\" develops ideo-motor action, the claim that every idea of a movement tends to produce that movement unless something inhibits it, which is the closest the pre-behaviorist tradition came to a mechanism for the behavior side of the three-term contingency.", "topics": [ "instinct", "emotion", "will", "ideo-motor action", "perception" ], "key_sections": [ { "n": 8, "label": "Chapter XXIV. Instinct", "note": "Instinct", "url": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/james-principles-of-psychology-vol-2/chapters/08-instinct.md" }, { "n": 10, "label": "Chapter XXVI. Will", "note": "Will: ideo-motor action, effort, and the education of the will", "url": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/james-principles-of-psychology-vol-2/chapters/10-will.md" } ], "public_domain": { "united_states": true, "united_states_basis": "published before 1931", "life_plus_70_countries": true, "note": "James died in 1910, so the book has been in the public domain worldwide since 1981." }, "source": { "project_gutenberg_id": 57634, "url": "https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/57634", "processing": "Project Gutenberg boilerplate, table of contents and index removed; footnotes kept with each section; text otherwise unaltered." }, "stats": { "words": 231048, "sections": 12, "footnotes": 576, "images": 47 }, "urls": { "html": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/james-principles-of-psychology-vol-2/", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/james-principles-of-psychology-vol-2/index.md", "text": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/james-principles-of-psychology-vol-2/book.txt", "chapters_index": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/james-principles-of-psychology-vol-2/chapters/index.md", "images_base": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/james-principles-of-psychology-vol-2/images/" }, "related_pages": [ "https://operantconditioning.com/history/", "https://operantconditioning.com/neuroscience/" ], "sections": [ { "n": 1, "label": "Chapter XVII. Sensation", "number": "Chapter XVII", "title": "Sensation", "words": 13575, "footnotes": 48, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/james-principles-of-psychology-vol-2/#chapter-xvii-sensation", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/james-principles-of-psychology-vol-2/chapters/01-sensation.md" }, { "n": 2, "label": "Chapter XVIII. Imagination", "number": "Chapter XVIII", "title": "Imagination", "words": 12119, "footnotes": 34, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/james-principles-of-psychology-vol-2/#chapter-xviii-imagination", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/james-principles-of-psychology-vol-2/chapters/02-imagination.md" }, { "n": 3, "label": "Chapter XIX. The Perception of 'Things.'", "number": "Chapter XIX", "title": "The Perception of 'Things.'", "words": 20263, "footnotes": 57, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/james-principles-of-psychology-vol-2/#chapter-xix-the-perception-of-things", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/james-principles-of-psychology-vol-2/chapters/03-the-perception-of-things.md" }, { "n": 4, "label": "Chapter XX. The Perception of Space", "number": "Chapter XX", "title": "The Perception of Space", "words": 47204, "footnotes": 147, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/james-principles-of-psychology-vol-2/#chapter-xx-the-perception-of-space", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/james-principles-of-psychology-vol-2/chapters/04-the-perception-of-space.md" }, { "n": 5, "label": "Chapter XXI. The Perception of Reality", "number": "Chapter XXI", "title": "The Perception of Reality", "words": 13850, "footnotes": 32, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/james-principles-of-psychology-vol-2/#chapter-xxi-the-perception-of-reality", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/james-principles-of-psychology-vol-2/chapters/05-the-perception-of-reality.md" }, { "n": 6, "label": "Chapter XXII. Reasoning", "number": "Chapter XXII", "title": "Reasoning", "words": 15927, "footnotes": 26, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/james-principles-of-psychology-vol-2/#chapter-xxii-reasoning", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/james-principles-of-psychology-vol-2/chapters/06-reasoning.md" }, { "n": 7, "label": "Chapter XXIII. The Production of Movement", "number": "Chapter XXIII", "title": "The Production of Movement", "words": 2464, "footnotes": 15, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/james-principles-of-psychology-vol-2/#chapter-xxiii-the-production-of-movement", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/james-principles-of-psychology-vol-2/chapters/07-the-production-of-movement.md" }, { "n": 8, "label": "Chapter XXIV. Instinct", "number": "Chapter XXIV", "title": "Instinct", "words": 22029, "footnotes": 35, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/james-principles-of-psychology-vol-2/#chapter-xxiv-instinct", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/james-principles-of-psychology-vol-2/chapters/08-instinct.md" }, { "n": 9, "label": "Chapter XXV. The Emotions", "number": "Chapter XXV", "title": "The Emotions", "words": 15234, "footnotes": 35, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/james-principles-of-psychology-vol-2/#chapter-xxv-the-emotions", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/james-principles-of-psychology-vol-2/chapters/09-the-emotions.md" }, { "n": 10, "label": "Chapter XXVI. Will", "number": "Chapter XXVI", "title": "Will", "words": 36428, "footnotes": 83, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/james-principles-of-psychology-vol-2/#chapter-xxvi-will", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/james-principles-of-psychology-vol-2/chapters/10-will.md" }, { "n": 11, "label": "Chapter XXVII. Hypnotism", "number": "Chapter XXVII", "title": "Hypnotism", "words": 7956, "footnotes": 13, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/james-principles-of-psychology-vol-2/#chapter-xxvii-hypnotism", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/james-principles-of-psychology-vol-2/chapters/11-hypnotism.md" }, { "n": 12, "label": "Chapter XXVIII. Necessary Truths and the Effects of Experience", "number": "Chapter XXVIII", "title": "Necessary Truths and the Effects of Experience", "words": 23999, "footnotes": 51, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/james-principles-of-psychology-vol-2/#chapter-xxviii-necessary-truths-and-the-effects-of-experience", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/james-principles-of-psychology-vol-2/chapters/12-necessary-truths-and-the-effects-of-experience.md" } ] }, { "id": "yerkes-the-dancing-mouse", "title": "The Dancing Mouse: A Study in Animal Behavior", "short_title": "The Dancing Mouse", "author": { "name": "Robert M. Yerkes", "sort_name": "Yerkes, Robert M.", "born": 1876, "died": 1956 }, "year": 1907, "first_published": 1907, "edition": "New York: The Macmillan Company, 1907 (The Animal Behavior Series, vol. I).", "language": "en", "summary": "A complete experimental study of one animal's learning: discrimination boxes, labyrinths, learning curves, and the efficiency of training methods.", "why_it_matters": "Yerkes took Thorndike's method and applied it exhaustively to a single species. Chapters XII to XVI cover habit formation in the discrimination box and the labyrinth, the shape of learning curves, how long habits last, and which training methods work fastest. The discrimination apparatus described here, with an electric shock for the wrong choice, is the one Yerkes and Dodson used the following year for the experiment behind the Yerkes–Dodson law. The book is also an early, careful treatment of individual, age and sex differences in learning.", "topics": [ "discrimination learning", "maze learning", "habit formation", "learning curves", "punishment" ], "key_sections": [ { "n": 15, "label": "Chapter XIII. Habit Formation: the Labyrinth Habit", "note": "Habit formation: the labyrinth habit", "url": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/yerkes-the-dancing-mouse/chapters/15-habit-formation-the-labyrinth-habit.md" }, { "n": 16, "label": "Chapter XIV. Habit Formation: the Discrimination Method", "note": "Habit formation: the discrimination method", "url": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/yerkes-the-dancing-mouse/chapters/16-habit-formation-the-discrimination-method.md" }, { "n": 17, "label": "Chapter XV. The Efficiency of Training Methods", "note": "The efficiency of training methods", "url": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/yerkes-the-dancing-mouse/chapters/17-the-efficiency-of-training-methods.md" }, { "n": 18, "label": "Chapter XVI. The Duration of Habits: Memory and Re-Learning", "note": "The duration of habits: memory and re-learning", "url": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/yerkes-the-dancing-mouse/chapters/18-the-duration-of-habits-memory-and-re-learning.md" } ], "public_domain": { "united_states": true, "united_states_basis": "published before 1931", "life_plus_70_countries": false, "note": "Yerkes died in 1956, so in life-plus-70 countries the book enters the public domain on 1 January 2027. It is public domain in the United States (published before 1931)." }, "source": { "project_gutenberg_id": 8729, "url": "https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/8729", "processing": "Project Gutenberg boilerplate, table of contents and index removed; footnotes kept with each section; text otherwise unaltered." }, "stats": { "words": 82710, "sections": 20, "footnotes": 21, "images": 0 }, "urls": { "html": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/yerkes-the-dancing-mouse/", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/yerkes-the-dancing-mouse/index.md", "text": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/yerkes-the-dancing-mouse/book.txt", "chapters_index": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/yerkes-the-dancing-mouse/chapters/index.md", "images_base": null }, "related_pages": [ "https://operantconditioning.com/stimulus-control/", "https://operantconditioning.com/punishment/", "https://operantconditioning.com/history/" ], "sections": [ { "n": 1, "label": "Preface", "number": "", "title": "Preface", "words": 751, "footnotes": 0, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/yerkes-the-dancing-mouse/#preface", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/yerkes-the-dancing-mouse/chapters/01-preface.md" }, { "n": 2, "label": "Literature on the Dancing Mouse", "number": "", "title": "Literature on the Dancing Mouse", "words": 729, "footnotes": 0, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/yerkes-the-dancing-mouse/#literature-on-the-dancing-mouse", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/yerkes-the-dancing-mouse/chapters/02-literature-on-the-dancing-mouse.md" }, { "n": 3, "label": "Chapter I. Characteristics, Origin, and History", "number": "Chapter I", "title": "Characteristics, Origin, and History", "words": 4278, "footnotes": 4, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/yerkes-the-dancing-mouse/#chapter-i-characteristics-origin-and-history", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/yerkes-the-dancing-mouse/chapters/03-characteristics-origin-and-history.md" }, { "n": 4, "label": "Chapter II. Feeding, Breeding, and Development of the Young", "number": "Chapter II", "title": "Feeding, Breeding, and Development of the Young", "words": 4096, "footnotes": 3, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/yerkes-the-dancing-mouse/#chapter-ii-feeding-breeding-and-development-of-the-young", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/yerkes-the-dancing-mouse/chapters/04-feeding-breeding-and-development-of-the-young.md" }, { "n": 5, "label": "Chapter III. Behavior: Dance Movements", "number": "Chapter III", "title": "Behavior: Dance Movements", "words": 3680, "footnotes": 0, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/yerkes-the-dancing-mouse/#chapter-iii-behavior-dance-movements", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/yerkes-the-dancing-mouse/chapters/05-behavior-dance-movements.md" }, { "n": 6, "label": "Chapter IV. Behavior: Equilibration and Dizziness", "number": "Chapter IV", "title": "Behavior: Equilibration and Dizziness", "words": 2823, "footnotes": 1, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/yerkes-the-dancing-mouse/#chapter-iv-behavior-equilibration-and-dizziness", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/yerkes-the-dancing-mouse/chapters/06-behavior-equilibration-and-dizziness.md" }, { "n": 7, "label": "Chapter V. Structural Peculiarities and Behavior", "number": "Chapter V", "title": "Structural Peculiarities and Behavior", "words": 6001, "footnotes": 0, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/yerkes-the-dancing-mouse/#chapter-v-structural-peculiarities-and-behavior", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/yerkes-the-dancing-mouse/chapters/07-structural-peculiarities-and-behavior.md" }, { "n": 8, "label": "Chapter VI. The Sense of Hearing", "number": "Chapter VI", "title": "The Sense of Hearing", "words": 5760, "footnotes": 1, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/yerkes-the-dancing-mouse/#chapter-vi-the-sense-of-hearing", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/yerkes-the-dancing-mouse/chapters/08-the-sense-of-hearing.md" }, { "n": 9, "label": "Chapter VII. The Sense of Sight: Brightness Vision", "number": "Chapter VII", "title": "The Sense of Sight: Brightness Vision", "words": 6265, "footnotes": 1, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/yerkes-the-dancing-mouse/#chapter-vii-the-sense-of-sight-brightness-vision", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/yerkes-the-dancing-mouse/chapters/09-the-sense-of-sight-brightness-vision.md" }, { "n": 10, "label": "Chapter VIII. The Sense of Sight: Brightness Vision (Continued)", "number": "Chapter VIII", "title": "The Sense of Sight: Brightness Vision (Continued)", "words": 5983, "footnotes": 2, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/yerkes-the-dancing-mouse/#chapter-viii-the-sense-of-sight-brightness-vision-continued", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/yerkes-the-dancing-mouse/chapters/10-the-sense-of-sight-brightness-vision-continued.md" }, { "n": 11, "label": "Chapter IX. The Sense of Sight: Color Vision", "number": "Chapter IX", "title": "The Sense of Sight: Color Vision", "words": 4805, "footnotes": 3, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/yerkes-the-dancing-mouse/#chapter-ix-the-sense-of-sight-color-vision", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/yerkes-the-dancing-mouse/chapters/11-the-sense-of-sight-color-vision.md" }, { "n": 12, "label": "Chapter X. The Sense of Sight: Color Vision (Continued)", "number": "Chapter X", "title": "The Sense of Sight: Color Vision (Continued)", "words": 7618, "footnotes": 3, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/yerkes-the-dancing-mouse/#chapter-x-the-sense-of-sight-color-vision-continued", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/yerkes-the-dancing-mouse/chapters/12-the-sense-of-sight-color-vision-continued.md" }, { "n": 13, "label": "Chapter XI. The Role of Sight in the Daily Life of the Dancer", "number": "Chapter XI", "title": "The Role of Sight in the Daily Life of the Dancer", "words": 5464, "footnotes": 1, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/yerkes-the-dancing-mouse/#chapter-xi-the-role-of-sight-in-the-daily-life-of-the-dancer", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/yerkes-the-dancing-mouse/chapters/13-the-role-of-sight-in-the-daily-life-of-the-dancer.md" }, { "n": 14, "label": "Chapter XII. Educability: Methods of Learning", "number": "Chapter XII", "title": "Educability: Methods of Learning", "words": 3041, "footnotes": 0, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/yerkes-the-dancing-mouse/#chapter-xii-educability-methods-of-learning", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/yerkes-the-dancing-mouse/chapters/14-educability-methods-of-learning.md" }, { "n": 15, "label": "Chapter XIII. Habit Formation: the Labyrinth Habit", "number": "Chapter XIII", "title": "Habit Formation: the Labyrinth Habit", "words": 5024, "footnotes": 0, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/yerkes-the-dancing-mouse/#chapter-xiii-habit-formation-the-labyrinth-habit", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/yerkes-the-dancing-mouse/chapters/15-habit-formation-the-labyrinth-habit.md" }, { "n": 16, "label": "Chapter XIV. Habit Formation: the Discrimination Method", "number": "Chapter XIV", "title": "Habit Formation: the Discrimination Method", "words": 3312, "footnotes": 0, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/yerkes-the-dancing-mouse/#chapter-xiv-habit-formation-the-discrimination-method", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/yerkes-the-dancing-mouse/chapters/16-habit-formation-the-discrimination-method.md" }, { "n": 17, "label": "Chapter XV. The Efficiency of Training Methods", "number": "Chapter XV", "title": "The Efficiency of Training Methods", "words": 3603, "footnotes": 0, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/yerkes-the-dancing-mouse/#chapter-xv-the-efficiency-of-training-methods", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/yerkes-the-dancing-mouse/chapters/17-the-efficiency-of-training-methods.md" }, { "n": 18, "label": "Chapter XVI. The Duration of Habits: Memory and Re-Learning", "number": "Chapter XVI", "title": "The Duration of Habits: Memory and Re-Learning", "words": 3704, "footnotes": 0, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/yerkes-the-dancing-mouse/#chapter-xvi-the-duration-of-habits-memory-and-re-learning", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/yerkes-the-dancing-mouse/chapters/18-the-duration-of-habits-memory-and-re-learning.md" }, { "n": 19, "label": "Chapter XVII. Individual, Age, and Sex Differences in Behavior", "number": "Chapter XVII", "title": "Individual, Age, and Sex Differences in Behavior", "words": 4237, "footnotes": 1, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/yerkes-the-dancing-mouse/#chapter-xvii-individual-age-and-sex-differences-in-behavior", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/yerkes-the-dancing-mouse/chapters/19-individual-age-and-sex-differences-in-behavior.md" }, { "n": 20, "label": "Chapter XVIII. The Inheritance of Forms of Behavior", "number": "Chapter XVIII", "title": "The Inheritance of Forms of Behavior", "words": 1536, "footnotes": 1, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/yerkes-the-dancing-mouse/#chapter-xviii-the-inheritance-of-forms-of-behavior", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/yerkes-the-dancing-mouse/chapters/20-the-inheritance-of-forms-of-behavior.md" } ] }, { "id": "pfungst-clever-hans", "title": "Clever Hans (The Horse of Mr. von Osten): A Contribution to Experimental Animal and Human Psychology", "short_title": "Clever Hans", "author": { "name": "Oskar Pfungst", "sort_name": "Pfungst, Oskar", "born": 1874, "died": 1933 }, "year": 1911, "first_published": 1907, "edition": "Translated from the German by Carl L. Rahn, with an introduction by C. Stumpf and a prefatory note by James R. Angell. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1911. German original Der Kluge Hans, 1907.", "language": "en", "summary": "The horse that could not count: how Pfungst showed Hans was reading tiny movements of his questioners, and why blind procedures exist.", "why_it_matters": "Hans appeared to add, subtract and read, and a commission of experts found no trickery. Pfungst then showed, with controlled tests, that the horse answered correctly only when the questioner knew the answer and could be seen: it was responding to unintentional movements of the questioner's head and body, so slight that no one had noticed making them. The book is the founding case study of stimulus control by cues the trainer does not know he is giving, and of the experimenter effect that double-blind designs guard against. Chapter V contains the analysis; the supplements reprint the commission's reports.", "topics": [ "stimulus control", "unintentional cueing", "experimenter effect", "animal cognition" ], "key_sections": [ { "n": 4, "label": "Chapter II. Experiments and Observations", "note": "Experiments and observations: when Hans succeeded and when he failed", "url": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/pfungst-clever-hans/chapters/04-experiments-and-observations.md" }, { "n": 7, "label": "Chapter V. Explanation of the Observations", "note": "Explanation of the observations: the cues Hans was using", "url": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/pfungst-clever-hans/chapters/07-explanation-of-the-observations.md" }, { "n": 8, "label": "Chapter VI. Genesis of the Reaction of the Horse", "note": "Genesis of the reaction of the horse", "url": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/pfungst-clever-hans/chapters/08-genesis-of-the-reaction-of-the-horse.md" } ], "public_domain": { "united_states": true, "united_states_basis": "published before 1931", "life_plus_70_countries": null, "note": "Pfungst died in 1933, so the German original has been in the public domain worldwide since 2004. The 1911 English translation is public domain in the United States; its status in life-plus-70 countries depends on the death date of the translator, Carl L. Rahn, which we have not been able to establish." }, "source": { "project_gutenberg_id": 33936, "url": "https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/33936", "processing": "Project Gutenberg boilerplate, table of contents and index removed; footnotes kept with each section; text otherwise unaltered." }, "stats": { "words": 72664, "sections": 14, "footnotes": 43, "images": 15 }, "urls": { "html": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/pfungst-clever-hans/", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/pfungst-clever-hans/index.md", "text": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/pfungst-clever-hans/book.txt", "chapters_index": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/pfungst-clever-hans/chapters/index.md", "images_base": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/pfungst-clever-hans/images/" }, "related_pages": [ "https://operantconditioning.com/stimulus-control/", "https://operantconditioning.com/dog-training/", "https://operantconditioning.com/history/" ], "sections": [ { "n": 1, "label": "Prefatory Note", "number": "", "title": "Prefatory Note", "words": 441, "footnotes": 0, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/pfungst-clever-hans/#prefatory-note", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/pfungst-clever-hans/chapters/01-prefatory-note.md" }, { "n": 2, "label": "Introduction", "number": "", "title": "Introduction", "words": 3710, "footnotes": 2, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/pfungst-clever-hans/#introduction", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/pfungst-clever-hans/chapters/02-introduction.md" }, { "n": 3, "label": "Chapter I. The Problem of Animal Consciousness and \"Clever Hans\"", "number": "Chapter I", "title": "The Problem of Animal Consciousness and \"Clever Hans\"", "words": 4210, "footnotes": 4, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/pfungst-clever-hans/#chapter-i-the-problem-of-animal-consciousness-and-clever-hans", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/pfungst-clever-hans/chapters/03-the-problem-of-animal-consciousness-and-clever-hans.md" }, { "n": 4, "label": "Chapter II. Experiments and Observations", "number": "Chapter II", "title": "Experiments and Observations", "words": 16379, "footnotes": 6, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/pfungst-clever-hans/#chapter-ii-experiments-and-observations", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/pfungst-clever-hans/chapters/04-experiments-and-observations.md" }, { "n": 5, "label": "Chapter III. The Author's Introspections", "number": "Chapter III", "title": "The Author's Introspections", "words": 3942, "footnotes": 1, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/pfungst-clever-hans/#chapter-iii-the-authors-introspections", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/pfungst-clever-hans/chapters/05-the-authors-introspections.md" }, { "n": 6, "label": "Chapter IV. Laboratory Tests", "number": "Chapter IV", "title": "Laboratory Tests", "words": 9342, "footnotes": 6, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/pfungst-clever-hans/#chapter-iv-laboratory-tests", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/pfungst-clever-hans/chapters/06-laboratory-tests.md" }, { "n": 7, "label": "Chapter V. Explanation of the Observations", "number": "Chapter V", "title": "Explanation of the Observations", "words": 17505, "footnotes": 16, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/pfungst-clever-hans/#chapter-v-explanation-of-the-observations", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/pfungst-clever-hans/chapters/07-explanation-of-the-observations.md" }, { "n": 8, "label": "Chapter VI. Genesis of the Reaction of the Horse", "number": "Chapter VI", "title": "Genesis of the Reaction of the Horse", "words": 7702, "footnotes": 6, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/pfungst-clever-hans/#chapter-vi-genesis-of-the-reaction-of-the-horse", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/pfungst-clever-hans/chapters/08-genesis-of-the-reaction-of-the-horse.md" }, { "n": 9, "label": "Conclusion", "number": "", "title": "Conclusion", "words": 1095, "footnotes": 1, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/pfungst-clever-hans/#conclusion", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/pfungst-clever-hans/chapters/09-conclusion.md" }, { "n": 10, "label": "Supplement I. Mr. Von Osten's Method of Instruction", "number": "Supplement I", "title": "Mr. Von Osten's Method of Instruction", "words": 2309, "footnotes": 0, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/pfungst-clever-hans/#supplement-i-mr-von-ostens-method-of-instruction", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/pfungst-clever-hans/chapters/10-mr-von-ostens-method-of-instruction.md" }, { "n": 11, "label": "Supplement II. The Report of September 12, 1904", "number": "Supplement II", "title": "The Report of September 12, 1904", "words": 474, "footnotes": 0, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/pfungst-clever-hans/#supplement-ii-the-report-of-september-12-1904", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/pfungst-clever-hans/chapters/11-the-report-of-september-12-1904.md" }, { "n": 12, "label": "Supplement III. An Abstract from the Records of the September-Commission", "number": "Supplement III", "title": "An Abstract from the Records of the September-Commission", "words": 1462, "footnotes": 1, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/pfungst-clever-hans/#supplement-iii-an-abstract-from-the-records-of-the-september-commission", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/pfungst-clever-hans/chapters/12-an-abstract-from-the-records-of-the-september-commission.md" }, { "n": 13, "label": "Supplement IV. The Report of December 9th, 1904", "number": "Supplement IV", "title": "The Report of December 9th, 1904", "words": 1238, "footnotes": 0, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/pfungst-clever-hans/#supplement-iv-the-report-of-december-9th-1904", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/pfungst-clever-hans/chapters/13-the-report-of-december-9th-1904.md" }, { "n": 14, "label": "Table of References", "number": "", "title": "Table of References", "words": 2855, "footnotes": 0, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/pfungst-clever-hans/#table-of-references", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/pfungst-clever-hans/chapters/14-table-of-references.md" } ] }, { "id": "romanes-animal-intelligence", "title": "Animal Intelligence", "short_title": "Animal Intelligence (Romanes)", "author": { "name": "George J. Romanes", "sort_name": "Romanes, George J.", "born": 1848, "died": 1894 }, "year": 1882, "first_published": 1882, "edition": "First published London: Kegan Paul, Trench, 1882. This text follows the New York edition, D. Appleton and Company (The International Scientific Series, vol. XLIV).", "language": "en", "summary": "The great anecdotal survey of animal minds that experimental psychology was invented to replace.", "why_it_matters": "Romanes, Darwin's protégé, collected every credible report of animal intelligence he could find and organised them species by species. The book is here because it is the target: Thorndike opens his 1898 monograph by explaining why anecdotes of clever pets cannot establish how animals learn, and Morgan's canon was written against the mental faculties Romanes was willing to attribute. Reading a few of the dog and monkey chapters makes the puzzle-box method, and the discipline of the learning curve, easier to understand.", "topics": [ "comparative psychology", "anecdotal method", "animal cognition" ], "key_sections": [ { "n": 3, "label": "Introduction", "note": "Introduction: Romanes's criteria for inferring mind", "url": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/romanes-animal-intelligence/chapters/03-introduction.md" }, { "n": 19, "label": "Chapter XVI. The Dog", "note": "The dog", "url": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/romanes-animal-intelligence/chapters/19-the-dog.md" }, { "n": 20, "label": "Chapter XVII. Monkeys, Apes and Baboons", "note": "Monkeys, apes and baboons", "url": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/romanes-animal-intelligence/chapters/20-monkeys-apes-and-baboons.md" } ], "public_domain": { "united_states": true, "united_states_basis": "published before 1931", "life_plus_70_countries": true, "note": "Romanes died in 1894, so the book has been in the public domain worldwide since 1965." }, "source": { "project_gutenberg_id": 40459, "url": "https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/40459", "processing": "Project Gutenberg boilerplate, table of contents and index removed; footnotes kept with each section; text otherwise unaltered." }, "stats": { "words": 196963, "sections": 20, "footnotes": 282, "images": 10 }, "urls": { "html": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/romanes-animal-intelligence/", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/romanes-animal-intelligence/index.md", "text": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/romanes-animal-intelligence/book.txt", "chapters_index": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/romanes-animal-intelligence/chapters/index.md", "images_base": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/romanes-animal-intelligence/images/" }, "related_pages": [ "https://operantconditioning.com/history/", "https://operantconditioning.com/bf-skinner/" ], "sections": [ { "n": 1, "label": "Author's Note", "number": "", "title": "Author's Note", "words": 177, "footnotes": 0, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/romanes-animal-intelligence/#authors-note", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/romanes-animal-intelligence/chapters/01-authors-note.md" }, { "n": 2, "label": "Preface", "number": "", "title": "Preface", "words": 2226, "footnotes": 1, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/romanes-animal-intelligence/#preface", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/romanes-animal-intelligence/chapters/02-preface.md" }, { "n": 3, "label": "Introduction", "number": "", "title": "Introduction", "words": 6019, "footnotes": 3, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/romanes-animal-intelligence/#introduction", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/romanes-animal-intelligence/chapters/03-introduction.md" }, { "n": 4, "label": "Chapter I. Application of the Foregoing Principles to the Lowest Animals", "number": "Chapter I", "title": "Application of the Foregoing Principles to the Lowest Animals", "words": 2480, "footnotes": 4, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/romanes-animal-intelligence/#chapter-i-application-of-the-foregoing-principles-to-the-lowest-animals", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/romanes-animal-intelligence/chapters/04-application-of-the-foregoing-principles-to-the-lowest.md" }, { "n": 5, "label": "Chapter II. Mollusca", "number": "Chapter II", "title": "Mollusca", "words": 1908, "footnotes": 10, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/romanes-animal-intelligence/#chapter-ii-mollusca", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/romanes-animal-intelligence/chapters/05-mollusca.md" }, { "n": 6, "label": "Chapter III. Ants", "number": "Chapter III", "title": "Ants", "words": 44911, "footnotes": 27, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/romanes-animal-intelligence/#chapter-iii-ants", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/romanes-animal-intelligence/chapters/06-ants.md" }, { "n": 7, "label": "Chapter IV. Bees and Wasps", "number": "Chapter IV", "title": "Bees and Wasps", "words": 21853, "footnotes": 25, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/romanes-animal-intelligence/#chapter-iv-bees-and-wasps", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/romanes-animal-intelligence/chapters/07-bees-and-wasps.md" }, { "n": 8, "label": "Chapter V. Termites", "number": "Chapter V", "title": "Termites", "words": 2112, "footnotes": 4, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/romanes-animal-intelligence/#chapter-v-termites", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/romanes-animal-intelligence/chapters/08-termites.md" }, { "n": 9, "label": "Chapter VI. Spiders and Scorpions", "number": "Chapter VI", "title": "Spiders and Scorpions", "words": 8700, "footnotes": 15, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/romanes-animal-intelligence/#chapter-vi-spiders-and-scorpions", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/romanes-animal-intelligence/chapters/09-spiders-and-scorpions.md" }, { "n": 10, "label": "Chapter VII. Remaining Articulata", "number": "Chapter VII", "title": "Remaining Articulata", "words": 5898, "footnotes": 20, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/romanes-animal-intelligence/#chapter-vii-remaining-articulata", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/romanes-animal-intelligence/chapters/10-remaining-articulata.md" }, { "n": 11, "label": "Chapter VIII. Fish", "number": "Chapter VIII", "title": "Fish", "words": 4640, "footnotes": 20, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/romanes-animal-intelligence/#chapter-viii-fish", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/romanes-animal-intelligence/chapters/11-fish.md" }, { "n": 12, "label": "Chapter IX. Batrachians and Reptiles", "number": "Chapter IX", "title": "Batrachians and Reptiles", "words": 4609, "footnotes": 15, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/romanes-animal-intelligence/#chapter-ix-batrachians-and-reptiles", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/romanes-animal-intelligence/chapters/12-batrachians-and-reptiles.md" }, { "n": 13, "label": "Chapter X. Birds", "number": "Chapter X", "title": "Birds", "words": 24112, "footnotes": 45, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/romanes-animal-intelligence/#chapter-x-birds", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/romanes-animal-intelligence/chapters/13-birds.md" }, { "n": 14, "label": "Chapter XI. Mammals", "number": "Chapter XI", "title": "Mammals", "words": 10618, "footnotes": 19, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/romanes-animal-intelligence/#chapter-xi-mammals", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/romanes-animal-intelligence/chapters/14-mammals.md" }, { "n": 15, "label": "Chapter XII. Rodents", "number": "Chapter XII", "title": "Rodents", "words": 12276, "footnotes": 16, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/romanes-animal-intelligence/#chapter-xii-rodents", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/romanes-animal-intelligence/chapters/15-rodents.md" }, { "n": 16, "label": "Chapter XIII. Elephant", "number": "Chapter XIII", "title": "Elephant", "words": 9788, "footnotes": 31, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/romanes-animal-intelligence/#chapter-xiii-elephant", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/romanes-animal-intelligence/chapters/16-elephant.md" }, { "n": 17, "label": "Chapter XIV. The Cat", "number": "Chapter XIV", "title": "The Cat", "words": 5224, "footnotes": 4, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/romanes-animal-intelligence/#chapter-xiv-the-cat", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/romanes-animal-intelligence/chapters/17-the-cat.md" }, { "n": 18, "label": "Chapter XV. Foxes, Wolves, Jackals, Etc", "number": "Chapter XV", "title": "Foxes, Wolves, Jackals, Etc", "words": 4100, "footnotes": 3, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/romanes-animal-intelligence/#chapter-xv-foxes-wolves-jackals-etc", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/romanes-animal-intelligence/chapters/18-foxes-wolves-jackals-etc.md" }, { "n": 19, "label": "Chapter XVI. The Dog", "number": "Chapter XVI", "title": "The Dog", "words": 13554, "footnotes": 8, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/romanes-animal-intelligence/#chapter-xvi-the-dog", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/romanes-animal-intelligence/chapters/19-the-dog.md" }, { "n": 20, "label": "Chapter XVII. Monkeys, Apes and Baboons", "number": "Chapter XVII", "title": "Monkeys, Apes and Baboons", "words": 11758, "footnotes": 12, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/romanes-animal-intelligence/#chapter-xvii-monkeys-apes-and-baboons", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/romanes-animal-intelligence/chapters/20-monkeys-apes-and-baboons.md" } ] }, { "id": "morgan-animal-life-and-intelligence", "title": "Animal Life and Intelligence", "short_title": "Animal Life and Intelligence", "author": { "name": "C. Lloyd Morgan", "sort_name": "Morgan, C. Lloyd", "born": 1852, "died": 1936 }, "year": 1891, "first_published": 1890, "edition": "Boston: Ginn and Company, 1891 (first published London: Edward Arnold, 1890–91).", "language": "en", "summary": "Morgan's first full treatment of animal minds, with his early chapters on habit, instinct and the senses.", "why_it_matters": "An earlier and broader book than Animal Behaviour, half of it biology (variation, heredity, evolution) and half psychology. Chapters VIII to XI compare mental processes in humans and animals and give Morgan's first account of habit and instinct; Chapter XII sets out his view of mental evolution. It shows the questions Morgan was asking before he settled on the experimental and parsimonious approach of the 1894 Introduction and the 1900 Animal Behaviour.", "topics": [ "habit", "instinct", "comparative psychology", "evolution" ], "key_sections": [ { "n": 10, "label": "Chapter IX. Mental Processes in Animals: their Powers of Perception and Intelligence", "note": "Mental processes in animals: perception and intelligence", "url": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/morgan-animal-life-and-intelligence/chapters/10-mental-processes-in-animals-their-powers-of-perception-and.md" }, { "n": 12, "label": "Chapter XI. Animal Activities: Habit and Instinct", "note": "Animal activities: habit and instinct", "url": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/morgan-animal-life-and-intelligence/chapters/12-animal-activities-habit-and-instinct.md" } ], "public_domain": { "united_states": true, "united_states_basis": "published before 1931", "life_plus_70_countries": true, "note": "Morgan died in 1936, so the book has been in the public domain worldwide since 2007." }, "source": { "project_gutenberg_id": 49818, "url": "https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/49818", "processing": "Project Gutenberg boilerplate, table of contents and index removed; footnotes kept with each section; text otherwise unaltered." }, "stats": { "words": 165549, "sections": 13, "footnotes": 301, "images": 50 }, "urls": { "html": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/morgan-animal-life-and-intelligence/", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/morgan-animal-life-and-intelligence/index.md", "text": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/morgan-animal-life-and-intelligence/book.txt", "chapters_index": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/morgan-animal-life-and-intelligence/chapters/index.md", "images_base": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/morgan-animal-life-and-intelligence/images/" }, "related_pages": [ "https://operantconditioning.com/history/" ], "sections": [ { "n": 1, "label": "Preface", "number": "", "title": "Preface", "words": 815, "footnotes": 0, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/morgan-animal-life-and-intelligence/#preface", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/morgan-animal-life-and-intelligence/chapters/01-preface.md" }, { "n": 2, "label": "Chapter I. The Nature of Animal Life", "number": "Chapter I", "title": "The Nature of Animal Life", "words": 5945, "footnotes": 1, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/morgan-animal-life-and-intelligence/#chapter-i-the-nature-of-animal-life", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/morgan-animal-life-and-intelligence/chapters/02-the-nature-of-animal-life.md" }, { "n": 3, "label": "Chapter II. The Process of Life", "number": "Chapter II", "title": "The Process of Life", "words": 5393, "footnotes": 4, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/morgan-animal-life-and-intelligence/#chapter-ii-the-process-of-life", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/morgan-animal-life-and-intelligence/chapters/03-the-process-of-life.md" }, { "n": 4, "label": "Chapter III. Reproduction and Development", "number": "Chapter III", "title": "Reproduction and Development", "words": 7797, "footnotes": 7, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/morgan-animal-life-and-intelligence/#chapter-iii-reproduction-and-development", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/morgan-animal-life-and-intelligence/chapters/04-reproduction-and-development.md" }, { "n": 5, "label": "Chapter IV. Variation and Natural Selection", "number": "Chapter IV", "title": "Variation and Natural Selection", "words": 17909, "footnotes": 43, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/morgan-animal-life-and-intelligence/#chapter-iv-variation-and-natural-selection", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/morgan-animal-life-and-intelligence/chapters/05-variation-and-natural-selection.md" }, { "n": 6, "label": "Chapter V. Heredity and the Origin of Variations", "number": "Chapter V", "title": "Heredity and the Origin of Variations", "words": 18091, "footnotes": 31, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/morgan-animal-life-and-intelligence/#chapter-v-heredity-and-the-origin-of-variations", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/morgan-animal-life-and-intelligence/chapters/06-heredity-and-the-origin-of-variations.md" }, { "n": 7, "label": "Chapter VI. Organic Evolution", "number": "Chapter VI", "title": "Organic Evolution", "words": 21795, "footnotes": 58, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/morgan-animal-life-and-intelligence/#chapter-vi-organic-evolution", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/morgan-animal-life-and-intelligence/chapters/07-organic-evolution.md" }, { "n": 8, "label": "Chapter VII. The Senses of Animals", "number": "Chapter VII", "title": "The Senses of Animals", "words": 19682, "footnotes": 27, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/morgan-animal-life-and-intelligence/#chapter-vii-the-senses-of-animals", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/morgan-animal-life-and-intelligence/chapters/08-the-senses-of-animals.md" }, { "n": 9, "label": "Chapter VIII. Mental Processes in Man", "number": "Chapter VIII", "title": "Mental Processes in Man", "words": 9553, "footnotes": 14, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/morgan-animal-life-and-intelligence/#chapter-viii-mental-processes-in-man", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/morgan-animal-life-and-intelligence/chapters/09-mental-processes-in-man.md" }, { "n": 10, "label": "Chapter IX. Mental Processes in Animals: their Powers of Perception and Intelligence", "number": "Chapter IX", "title": "Mental Processes in Animals: their Powers of Perception and Intelligence", "words": 16192, "footnotes": 29, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/morgan-animal-life-and-intelligence/#chapter-ix-mental-processes-in-animals-their-powers-of-perception-and-intelligence", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/morgan-animal-life-and-intelligence/chapters/10-mental-processes-in-animals-their-powers-of-perception-and.md" }, { "n": 11, "label": "Chapter X. The Feelings of Animals: their Appetences and Emotions", "number": "Chapter X", "title": "The Feelings of Animals: their Appetences and Emotions", "words": 12761, "footnotes": 33, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/morgan-animal-life-and-intelligence/#chapter-x-the-feelings-of-animals-their-appetences-and-emotions", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/morgan-animal-life-and-intelligence/chapters/11-the-feelings-of-animals-their-appetences-and-emotions.md" }, { "n": 12, "label": "Chapter XI. Animal Activities: Habit and Instinct", "number": "Chapter XI", "title": "Animal Activities: Habit and Instinct", "words": 16234, "footnotes": 37, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/morgan-animal-life-and-intelligence/#chapter-xi-animal-activities-habit-and-instinct", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/morgan-animal-life-and-intelligence/chapters/12-animal-activities-habit-and-instinct.md" }, { "n": 13, "label": "Chapter XII. Mental Evolution", "number": "Chapter XII", "title": "Mental Evolution", "words": 13382, "footnotes": 17, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/morgan-animal-life-and-intelligence/#chapter-xii-mental-evolution", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/morgan-animal-life-and-intelligence/chapters/13-mental-evolution.md" } ] }, { "id": "darwin-expression-of-the-emotions", "title": "The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals", "short_title": "The Expression of the Emotions", "author": { "name": "Charles Darwin", "sort_name": "Darwin, Charles", "born": 1809, "died": 1882 }, "year": 1872, "first_published": 1872, "edition": "First published London: John Murray, 1872. This text follows the New York printing, D. Appleton and Company, 1899.", "language": "en", "summary": "Darwin on habit: how serviceable actions become habitual, associated, and inherited.", "why_it_matters": "Darwin's first principle of expression, \"serviceable associated habits,\" is an argument about learning: movements that were once useful become habitual through repetition and association, and are then performed whenever the same state of mind recurs, whether useful or not. Chapters I to III lay this out, with the reflex, the force of habit and inheritance treated together. Romanes, Morgan and Thorndike all took the continuity of animal and human behavior from this book, and the modern study of emotion and of behavior as an evolved system starts here.", "topics": [ "habit", "emotion", "evolution", "reflex", "expression" ], "key_sections": [ { "n": 2, "label": "Chapter I. General Principles of Expression", "note": "General principles of expression: serviceable associated habits", "url": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/darwin-expression-of-the-emotions/chapters/02-general-principles-of-expression.md" }, { "n": 3, "label": "Chapter II. General Principles of Expression—Continued", "note": "The principle of antithesis", "url": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/darwin-expression-of-the-emotions/chapters/03-general-principles-of-expressioncontinued.md" }, { "n": 4, "label": "Chapter III. General Principles of Expression—Concluded", "note": "The direct action of the nervous system", "url": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/darwin-expression-of-the-emotions/chapters/04-general-principles-of-expressionconcluded.md" } ], "public_domain": { "united_states": true, "united_states_basis": "published before 1931", "life_plus_70_countries": true, "note": "Darwin died in 1882, so the book has been in the public domain worldwide since 1953." }, "source": { "project_gutenberg_id": 1227, "url": "https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1227", "processing": "Project Gutenberg boilerplate, table of contents and index removed; footnotes kept with each section; text otherwise unaltered." }, "stats": { "words": 99943, "sections": 15, "footnotes": 303, "images": 26 }, "urls": { "html": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/darwin-expression-of-the-emotions/", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/darwin-expression-of-the-emotions/index.md", "text": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/darwin-expression-of-the-emotions/book.txt", "chapters_index": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/darwin-expression-of-the-emotions/chapters/index.md", "images_base": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/darwin-expression-of-the-emotions/images/" }, "related_pages": [ "https://operantconditioning.com/history/", "https://operantconditioning.com/neuroscience/" ], "sections": [ { "n": 1, "label": "Introduction", "number": "", "title": "Introduction", "words": 6855, "footnotes": 22, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/darwin-expression-of-the-emotions/#introduction", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/darwin-expression-of-the-emotions/chapters/01-introduction.md" }, { "n": 2, "label": "Chapter I. General Principles of Expression", "number": "Chapter I", "title": "General Principles of Expression", "words": 6218, "footnotes": 20, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/darwin-expression-of-the-emotions/#chapter-i-general-principles-of-expression", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/darwin-expression-of-the-emotions/chapters/02-general-principles-of-expression.md" }, { "n": 3, "label": "Chapter II. General Principles of Expression—Continued", "number": "Chapter II", "title": "General Principles of Expression—Continued", "words": 3018, "footnotes": 3, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/darwin-expression-of-the-emotions/#chapter-ii-general-principles-of-expressioncontinued", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/darwin-expression-of-the-emotions/chapters/03-general-principles-of-expressioncontinued.md" }, { "n": 4, "label": "Chapter III. General Principles of Expression—Concluded", "number": "Chapter III", "title": "General Principles of Expression—Concluded", "words": 4649, "footnotes": 12, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/darwin-expression-of-the-emotions/#chapter-iii-general-principles-of-expressionconcluded", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/darwin-expression-of-the-emotions/chapters/04-general-principles-of-expressionconcluded.md" }, { "n": 5, "label": "Chapter IV. Means of Expression in Animals", "number": "Chapter IV", "title": "Means of Expression in Animals", "words": 8927, "footnotes": 34, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/darwin-expression-of-the-emotions/#chapter-iv-means-of-expression-in-animals", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/darwin-expression-of-the-emotions/chapters/05-means-of-expression-in-animals.md" }, { "n": 6, "label": "Chapter V. Special Expressions of Animals", "number": "Chapter V", "title": "Special Expressions of Animals", "words": 8161, "footnotes": 22, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/darwin-expression-of-the-emotions/#chapter-v-special-expressions-of-animals", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/darwin-expression-of-the-emotions/chapters/06-special-expressions-of-animals.md" }, { "n": 7, "label": "Chapter VI. Special Expressions of Man: Suffering and Weeping", "number": "Chapter VI", "title": "Special Expressions of Man: Suffering and Weeping", "words": 8377, "footnotes": 24, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/darwin-expression-of-the-emotions/#chapter-vi-special-expressions-of-man-suffering-and-weeping", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/darwin-expression-of-the-emotions/chapters/07-special-expressions-of-man-suffering-and-weeping.md" }, { "n": 8, "label": "Chapter VII. Low Spirits, Anxiety, Grief, Dejection, Despair", "number": "Chapter VII", "title": "Low Spirits, Anxiety, Grief, Dejection, Despair", "words": 5828, "footnotes": 7, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/darwin-expression-of-the-emotions/#chapter-vii-low-spirits-anxiety-grief-dejection-despair", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/darwin-expression-of-the-emotions/chapters/08-low-spirits-anxiety-grief-dejection-despair.md" }, { "n": 9, "label": "Chapter VIII. Joy, High Spirits, Love, Tender Feelings, Devotion", "number": "Chapter VIII", "title": "Joy, High Spirits, Love, Tender Feelings, Devotion", "words": 6915, "footnotes": 27, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/darwin-expression-of-the-emotions/#chapter-viii-joy-high-spirits-love-tender-feelings-devotion", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/darwin-expression-of-the-emotions/chapters/09-joy-high-spirits-love-tender-feelings-devotion.md" }, { "n": 10, "label": "Chapter IX. Reflection—Meditation-Ill-Temper—Sulkiness—Determination", "number": "Chapter IX", "title": "Reflection—Meditation-Ill-Temper—Sulkiness—Determination", "words": 4694, "footnotes": 15, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/darwin-expression-of-the-emotions/#chapter-ix-reflectionmeditation-ill-tempersulkinessdetermination", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/darwin-expression-of-the-emotions/chapters/10-reflectionmeditation-ill-tempersulkinessdetermination.md" }, { "n": 11, "label": "Chapter X. Hatred and Anger", "number": "Chapter X", "title": "Hatred and Anger", "words": 4222, "footnotes": 17, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/darwin-expression-of-the-emotions/#chapter-x-hatred-and-anger", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/darwin-expression-of-the-emotions/chapters/11-hatred-and-anger.md" }, { "n": 12, "label": "Chapter XI. Disdain—Contempt—Disgust-Guilt—Pride, Etc.—Helplessness—Patience—Affirmation and Negation", "number": "Chapter XI", "title": "Disdain—Contempt—Disgust-Guilt—Pride, Etc.—Helplessness—Patience—Affirmation and Negation", "words": 6995, "footnotes": 26, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/darwin-expression-of-the-emotions/#chapter-xi-disdaincontemptdisgust-guiltpride-etc-helplessnesspatienceaffirmation-and-negation", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/darwin-expression-of-the-emotions/chapters/12-disdaincontemptdisgust-guiltpride-etc.md" }, { "n": 13, "label": "Chapter XII. Surprise—Astonishment—Fear—Horror", "number": "Chapter XII", "title": "Surprise—Astonishment—Fear—Horror", "words": 8376, "footnotes": 28, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/darwin-expression-of-the-emotions/#chapter-xii-surpriseastonishmentfearhorror", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/darwin-expression-of-the-emotions/chapters/13-surpriseastonishmentfearhorror.md" }, { "n": 14, "label": "Chapter XIII. Self-Attention—Shame—Shyness—Modesty: Blushing", "number": "Chapter XIII", "title": "Self-Attention—Shame—Shyness—Modesty: Blushing", "words": 10836, "footnotes": 41, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/darwin-expression-of-the-emotions/#chapter-xiii-self-attentionshameshynessmodesty-blushing", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/darwin-expression-of-the-emotions/chapters/14-self-attentionshameshynessmodesty-blushing.md" }, { "n": 15, "label": "Chapter XIV. Concluding Remarks and Summary", "number": "Chapter XIV", "title": "Concluding Remarks and Summary", "words": 5872, "footnotes": 5, "anchor": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/darwin-expression-of-the-emotions/#chapter-xiv-concluding-remarks-and-summary", "markdown": "https://operantconditioning.com/library/darwin-expression-of-the-emotions/chapters/15-concluding-remarks-and-summary.md" } ] } ], "planned": [ { "author": "Ivan Pavlov", "title": "Conditioned Reflexes", "year": 1927, "status": "not yet transcribed", "note": "G. V. Anrep's translation (Oxford, 1927). Public domain in the United States; Pavlov died in 1936 and Anrep in 1955, so also public domain in life-plus-70 countries since 2026." }, { "author": "Ivan Pavlov", "title": "Lectures on Conditioned Reflexes", "year": 1928, "status": "not yet transcribed", "note": "W. H. Gantt's translation (1928). Public domain in the United States; not yet in life-plus-70 countries (Gantt died in 1980)." }, { "author": "John B. Watson", "title": "Behavior: An Introduction to Comparative Psychology", "year": 1914, "status": "not yet transcribed", "note": "Public domain in the United States; in life-plus-70 countries not until 2029 (Watson died in 1958)." }, { "author": "John B. Watson", "title": "Psychology from the Standpoint of a Behaviorist", "year": 1919, "status": "not yet transcribed", "note": "Public domain in the United States; in life-plus-70 countries not until 2029." }, { "author": "John B. Watson", "title": "Behaviorism", "year": 1924, "status": "not yet transcribed", "note": "Public domain in the United States; in life-plus-70 countries not until 2029." }, { "author": "Edward L. Thorndike", "title": "Educational Psychology, Vol. II: The Psychology of Learning", "year": 1913, "status": "not yet transcribed", "note": "Public domain worldwide." } ] }